prepositions and conjunction

- Preposition

Preposition atau kata depan adalah kata yang biasanya ditempatkan atau diletakkan sebelum noun (kata benda) atau pronoun (kata ganti), kata ganti ini menunjukkan hubungan antara noun (kata benda) atau pronoun (kata ganti) tersebut dengan kata-kata lain dalam kalimat.

Unsur utama dalam kalimat Bahasa Inggris adalah preposition phrase. Preposition phrase ini terdiri dari sebuah kata depan dan objek nya. Objek dari kata depannya adalah berupa noun (kata benda) atau pronoun (kata ganti).

1. Preposition of place yaitu kata depan yang menunjukkan tempat
a. At (di)
Menunjukkan alamat (address) : at Cut Nyak Dien Street
Menunjukkan gedung atau tempat-tempat besar/luas (building or large place) : at the swimming pool
Menunjukkan nama desa atau suatu tempat ketika dalam perjalanan (a village or town on journey) : at a village near Pesawaran.

b. In (di)
Menunjukkan tempat umum (public place) : in the garden
Menunjukkan tempat didalam gedung atau tempat-tempat besar/luas (inside building or large place) : in the swimming pool.
Menunjukkan nama desa, kota ataupun Negara (a village, town or country : in a village, in Bandar Lampung, in America.
c. On (di/diatas) : Put it on the table
d. To (ke): I will go to Bali
e. From (dari): She comes from America
f.  Near (dekat): My house is near that barbershop
g. Beside (disamping): Don’t sit beside me !
h. Between (antara), menunjukkan dua orang atau benda : She is sitting between her two sisters
i. Among (antara), menunjukkan ketika keadaannya banyak orang atau benda : she is sitting among her sisters
j. Above (diatas) : Complete that sentences above !
k. Below (dibawah), digunakan berkenaan dengan ukuran tinggi, temperatur atau sesuatu yang berada di satu tempat/lokasi : Put the bag below that chair !
l. Under (dibawah), Under digunakan bila sesuatu dibawah yang lain : She sits under the tree
m. In front of (didepan) : I live in front of Adi’s house
n. In back of (dibelakang): His house is in back of my house
o. By (dengan/melalui/oleh) : Put the pens by my books, I make the cake by myself

2. PREPOSITION OF TIME (kata depan yang menunjukkan waktu)

·         At : pada/pukul. Contoh : at 11 a.m (pukul 11 pagi), at night (pada malam hari), at dawn (pada fajar/subuh), at noon (pada sore hari), at midnight (pada tengah malam), at weekend (pada akhir minggu), at Christmas (pada hari natal)

·         On : pada. Umumnya digunakan ketika menunjukkan keterangan :

Hari (Day) : on Friday (pada hari jumat), on Saturday night (malam minggu)
Tanggal (Date) : on May 21^st (pada 21 mei)
Perayaan (Celebration) : on Christmas day (pada hari natal)

·         In : di/pada. Digunakan ketika menunjukkan keterangan :

Waktu (Time) : in the morning (dipagi hari), in the evening (disore hari)
Bulan (Month) : in June (pada/di bulan juni), in October (pada/di bulan oktober)
Cuaca (Season) : in winter (pada musim dingin), in summer (pada musim panas)
Tahun (Year) : in 2012 ((pada/di tahun 2012), in 1945 (pada/di tahun 1945)

·         Before : sebelum. Contoh : The office is very busy before Idul Fitri (kantor sangat sibuk sebelum idul fitri)

·         After : setelah. Contoh : We had to take the taxi home after the party (kita harus membawa taksi kerumah setelah pesta)

·         Since : sejak. Contoh : We study in the University since 2011 (kami belajar di Universitas itu sejak 2011)

·         During : selama. Contoh : The teacher have taught during 2 years (guru itu sudah mengajar selama dua tahun)

·         For : selama. Contoh : The teacher have taught for 2 years (guru itu sudah mengajar selama dua tahun)

·         Till / Until : sampai. Contoh : Their uncle is staying with them till friday (paman mereka tinggal dengan mereka sampai jumat)

·         From … To / till / until : dari … sampai . Contoh : The Shop is open from nine to five (toko buka dari pukul 9 sampai 5), The sale was from December 20^th Until January 3^rd (diskon dari 20 desember sampai 3 januari)

3. PREPOSITION OF DIRECTION (kata depan menunjukkan arah)

·         To : ke. Contoh : She went to the library (dia pergi ke perpustakaan)

·         Into : kedalam. Contoh : He jumped into the river (dia melompat kedalam sungai)

·         Toward : kearah. Contoh : He ran away when he felt that someone was coming toward (dia melarikan diri ketia dia merasa ada seseorang yang datang kearahnya)

here are some more prepositions :
before behind from beneath across below down thoughout with past among near above during under outsied toward upon over after through

conjunction (kata penghubung)
conjunction menghubungkan dua kata. 

 Contoh :

-   He drinks orange juice and apple juice.

    (Dia minum jus jeruk dan jus apel.)

-   He likes both badminton and football.

    (Dia suka bulu tangkis dan sepak bola juga.)

-   I like bakso but I dont like sate  
    ( saya suka makan bakso karna saya tidak suka sate)

1. Cumulative Conjunctions

Kelompok kata hubung ini menunjukan adanya tambahan informasi tentang subjeknya. Kelompok ini meliputi :

Cumulative Conjunctions	Arti
and	dan
again	lagi
also	juga
as well as	dan juga
besides	selain itu
both … and	dan…juga
further	selanjutnya
furthermore	selanjutnya, lagi pula
likewise	seperti itu pula
moreover	lebih-lebih lagi, lagi pula
no less than	tidak kurang dari
not only…but also	tidak/bukan hanya…tetapi juga
secondly	yang kedua

2. Alternative Conjunctions

Kelompok kata hubung ini menunjukan adanya pilihan diantara dua hal. Kelompok kata ini meliputi :

Alternative Conjunctions	Arti
either…or	…atau
neither…nor	tidak/bukan…dan juga bukan
Else	kalau tidak
Or	atau ; kalau tidak
otherwise	kalau tidak

 Contoh :

- We don't know it's right or wrong.

   (Kami tidak tahu ini benar atau salah.)

- They can't either send or receive letter.

   (Mereka tidak dapat mengirim atau menerima surat.)

3. Adversative Conjunctions

Kelompok kata hubung ini menunjukan adanya perbedaan dan kontras antara bagian yang satu dengan yang lainnya. Kelompok kata ini meliputi :

Adversative   Conjunctions	Arti
But	tetapi
However	namun, tetapi
nevertheless	namun
notwithstanding	meskipun
on the contrary	sebaliknya
Only	cuma, hanya
Still	namun ; tetapi…masih
Whereas	sedangkan, sebaliknya
While	sedangkan, walaupun, ketika
Yet	namun, sekalipun begitu

 Contoh :

-   She wants to finish it on time, however, she still has to do some other things.

    (Dia ingin menyelesaikan itu tepat waktu, tetapi, dia masih memiliki sesuatu yang harus dikerjakan.)

-   He looks bigger than others but actually he is weakest.

    (Dia terlihat besar dibanding yang lain tetapi sebenarnya dia sangat lemah.)

4. Relative Conjunctions

Kelompok kata hubung ini menunjukan kesimpulan. Kelompok kata ini meliputi :

Relative Conjunctions	Arti
So	maka
accordingly	jadi, karena itu, maka
consequently	oleh karenanya
Hence	sebab itu, karena itu, karenanya
Thus	jadi, maka
wherefore	mengapa

 Contoh :

- I am sick, so I don't go to school.

  (Saya sakit, maka saya tidak pergi ke sekolah.)

- They come late, consequenly they miss the class.

  (Dia datang terlambat, oleh karenanya dia ketinggalan pelajaran.)

B. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Yaitu kata hubung subordinatif adalah kata hubung yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan kalimat-kalimat yang bertingkat, yaitu yang menghubungkan anak kalimat dengan induk kalimatnya.
Sebuah induk kalimat membutuhkan kehadiran anak kalimat. Kehadiran anak kalimat tersebut memiliki beragam cara, yaitu :
1. Sebab atau alasan
   Contoh :
   She cannot finish her job because she is sick.
   (Dia tidak dapat menyelesaikan pekerjaannya karena dia sakit.)

2. Keterangn tambahan (apposition)
    Contoh :
    We all know that you need some help.
    (Kami semua tahu bahwa kamu membutuhkan pertolongan.)

3. Maksud atau tujuan
    Contoh :
    We drink a lot so we can live healthly.
    (Kami minum banyak sehingga kami dapat hidup sehat.)

4. Akibat atau pengaruh
    Contoh :
    We have finished reading the novel that we know the story.
    (Kami telah selesain membaca novel sehingga kami mengetahui ceritanya.)

5. Perbandingan
    Contoh :
    She is as beautiful as her sister.
    (Dia secantik kakaknya.)

6. Taraf
    Contoh :
    The train hasn't arrived yet, as far as I know.
    (Kereta belum tiba, sejauh yang saya tahu.)

7. Waktu
    Contoh :
    You can play the game while I have my lunch.
    (Kamu dapat memainkan permainan itu ketika saya makan siang.)

8. Syarat
    Contoh :
    I will call him, if I know his number.
   (Saya akan menghubungi dia jika saya mengetahui nomornya.)

9. Kontras 
    Contoh :
    They have tried hard, however they cannot solve the problem.
    (Mereka sudah mencoba semaksimal mungkin, tetapi mereka tidak dapat menyelesaikan masalah itu.)

Do You Want to Live Forever?

( Apakah Anda Akan Hidup Selamanya? )

1.     Caritical cartoons ( kartun karikatur )

A.    Warm up ( pemanasan )

Work with a pratner or in small groups discuss the question below ó Bekarja dengan mitra atau dalam kelompok kecil mendiskusikan pertanyaan di bawah ini

No	Question	Answer
1	What age would you like to live to ?	I want to live for 70 years, because I want to feel to be a grandfather
2	How mouch would you pay to live an extra 10 years? 20 years?	for an extra 1 year of life I will pay 10 million rupiahs meaning that if I get an extra 10 years of life I will pay 100 million and 20 years for 200 million.
3	If you knew you were going to live to 150. How would this change your life plans?	I will realize my dreams that have not been achieved during my previous life

1.      what age would you like to live to? ó Usia berapa anda ingin hidup

2.      How mouch would you pay to live an extra 10 years? 20 years? ó berapa banyak anda akan membayar untuk hidup 10 tahun extra? 20 tahun?

3.     

I’d like to live ...because...

I,d pay ... to live... Extra years

I don’t want to .... Because .... h

If you knew you were going to live to 150. How would this change your life plans? ó jika anda tahu anda akan hidup sampai 150 tahun. Bagaimana akan merubah hidup anda.mi

If I knew ... I would ...

 

2.   Core vocabulary ( Kosa kata inti )

A.    Scanning and Skimming ( pemindaian dan sekiming )

1.      Find  and underline the keywords in the text. The frist one is done for you. Try to guess their meanings. ó Temukan dan garis bawahi kata kunci dalam teks. Yang pertama sudah dilakukan untukmu. Coba tebak maknanya

Devide	Environmental	Extend	Gain	Pension
Principle	Proposal	Relative	Schedule	Survive

 

ENGLISH	INDONESIA
Devide	Membagi
Principle	Prinsip
Environmental	Lingkungan
Proposal	Usul
Extend	Memperpanjang
Relative	Relatif
Gain	Lagi
Schedule	Jadwal
Pension	Pensiun
Survive	bertahan

2. Which picture best illustrates the main idea of the text? Circle A,B, or C

 

A.                                                         B.

LIVING LONGER ( Hidup lebih lama )

Jeanne louise calment is officially the oldest human being ever. She lived for 122 years  and 164 days. Scientists may someday be able to extend human life much fruther than that. They believe that we will be able to change our DNA to produce gains of hunderds of years. There are already research proposals to studay how these changers.

Ø  but how this will benefit society? is based on the principle that people are out immortal – we allage and die within a certain time. We divide our  population into groups based on age and treat people according to those age groups. For exsampel, people typically retire at around 65 years old and receive a pension until they die. If people lived much longer, this ratirement schedule would have to change perhaps we will need to consider a person’s age relative to their actual physical.

Ø  Condition : a man minght be 100 years old but have the physical condition of a 50-year-old. In this case, he may want to continue to work, in fact, this could become an economic benefit for society.

Another debate will be about the environmental cost of the increasing population. Will our world be able to survive if we have to support the milions who want to live a long. Long time?

KUNING     –SUBJEK

HIJAU          – KONJUNGSI

MERAH       – PREPOTITION

PINK            – TOBE

BIRU             –ADJECTIVE

ABU- ABU    –ADVERB

B. WORDS IN CONTEXT

Work with a partner. Each pair of sentences below has the same missing keyword find which keyword goes with each pair.

1.      The  “ proposal ” for  new sports hall has been rejected.

Ali made a “ principle ” that we all  take the bus to work ratner than drive.

2.      The painter “ divide ” his ladder to reach the second-floor window.

If you need to “ schedule ” your vocation. You have to let Ms. Gracia Know.

3.      Alexa will receive a good “ gain ” when she retires from the company.

Although Jonah has woeked for many years. He won’t receive a state “environmental”

 

C. Words In Context        example : Immortal

1. Using the clues below, find words with im and do the crossword puzzle. See page 100.  

     If  you need help

						¹   I		²   I
						M		M
						M		M
						O		O
						B		R
	³  I	M	M	E	D	I	A	T	E
	M					L		A
4    I	M	P	O	S	S	I	B	L	E
	O					T
	R					Y
	A
	L

Across

3. Happening or done without waiting. Very soon after something else.

4. Something that cannot happen or be done.

Down

1. To stop something or someone from moving.

2. Living or lasting forever

3. Morally wrong

2. Complete the sentences below with the words from the puzzle. Change the word form  

    as necessary

1. Extending the human lifepan beyond 125 years is currently  “imposible”

2. There was “ immortal” criticism of the plan to raise taxes.

3. Helping the rich and ignoring the poor is  “immoral”

4. Docters “ immoral” The patient’s nect “ immediately”  after the accident

5. Scientists may extend our lifespans. But humans will never become “ Immortal”

3. Work with a partner. What do you think Im Means ? circle the correct answer

A. not

B. now

C. beyond